at the end of the meal

τράπεζα, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs; SibOr 5, 470; EpArist; Philo; Joseph.; Ath., R. 4 p. 52, 21; loanw. in rabb.)

① a structure or surface on which food or other things can be placed, table

ⓐ of a cultic object: the table of showbread (cp. 1 Macc 1:22 τρ. τῆς προθέσεως; Ex 25:23–30; Jos., Bell. 5, 217) Hb 9:2. Of the τράπεζα τοῦ θεοῦ in the tabernacle, upon which Moses laid the twelve rods 1 Cl 43:2.

ⓑ specif. the table upon which a meal is spread out (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 239) Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28; Lk 16:21; 22:21. Of the heavenly table at which the Messiah’s companions are to eat at the end of time vs. 30 (s. JJeremias, Zöllner u. Sünder, ZNW 30, ’31, 293–300). Also in γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα it is prob. (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 363) that this kind of table is meant Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23).—The contrast betw. τράπεζα κυρίου and τρ. δαιμονίων 1 Cor 10:21 is explained by the custom of eating a cult meal in the temple of divinities worshiped by polytheists (POxy 110 ἐρωτᾷ σε Χαιρήμων δειπνῆσαι εἰς κλείνην τοῦ κυρίου Σαράπιδος ἐν τῷ Σαραπείῳ αὔριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν ιε´, ἀπὸ ὥρας θ´ ‘Chaeremon requests you to dine at the table of Sarapis in the Sarapeum on the morrow, the 15th, at the ninth hour’; 523; POslo 157 [all three II A.D.]; Jos., Ant. 18, 65. τράπεζα of the table of a divinity is found in such and similar connections Diod S 5, 46, 7 τρ. τοῦ θεοῦ; SIG 1106, 99 ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ; 1022, 2; 1038, 11; 1042, 20; LBW 395, 17 Σαράπιδι καὶ Ἴσιδι τράπεζαν; POxy 1755. Cp. Sb 8828, 4 [180–82 A.D.] ἐν ὀνίροις τὸ συμπόσιον ποιῆσαι τοῦ κυρίου Σεράπιδος=celebrate the meal with Lord Sarapis in dreams; s. also New Docs 1, 5–9; 2, 37; 3, 69.—Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on 1 Cor 10:21; HMischkowski, D. hl. Tische im Götterkultus d. Griech. u. Römer, diss. Königsberg 1917).

ⓒ the table on which the money changers display their coins (Pla., Ap. 17c; cp. PEleph 10, 2 [223/222 B.C.] the τραπεζῖται ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς) Mt 21:12; Mk 11:15; J 2:15. Hence simply bank (Lysias, Isocr., Demosth. et al.; EpArist; Jos., Ant. 12, 28; ins; PEleph 27, 23; POxy 98 al. in pap. The Engl. ‘bank’ is the money-lender’s ‘bench’; s. OED s.v. bank sb.³) διδόναι τὸ ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τράπεζαν put the money in the bank to bear interest Lk 19:23.—Ac 6:2 may contain humorous wordplay, which mingles the idea of table service and accounting procedures: serve as accountants (on the banking terminology s. Field, Notes 113, referring to Plut., Caesar 721 [28, 4]; 739 [67, 1], but w. discount of meal service as a referent. In addition to Field’s observations note the prob. wordplay relating to λόγος [for its commercial nuance s. λόγος 2a on the same verse; s. also Goodsp., Probs. 126f, w. reff. to pap]. For epigraphs s. RBogaert, Epigraphica III ’76 index).—B. 352 (meal); 483; 778 (bank).

② that which is upon a table, a meal, food, metonymic ext. of 1 (Eur., Alc. 2; Hdt. 1, 162; Pla., Rep. 3, 404d; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 9, 2; Athen. 1, 25e) παραθεῖναι τράπεζαν set food before someone (Thu. 1, 130; Chariton 1, 13, 2; Aelian, VH 2, 17; Jos., Ant. 6, 338.—Ps 22:5 ἑτοιμάζειν τρ.) Ac 16:34; τράπ. κοινήν (κοινός 1a) Dg 5:7. ὁρίζειν τράπεζαν order a meal D 11:9. διακονεῖν τραπέζαις wait on tables, serve meals Ac 6:2 (so ELohmeyer, JBL 56, ’37, 231; 250f, but s. 1c above).—See GRichter, The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans ’66; Kl. Pauly III 1224f; BHHW III 1991–93.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

δεῖπνον, ου, τό (s. δειπνέω; Hom.+) the main meal of the day (distinguished fr. ἄριστον, a meal taken earlier in the day, cp. Lk 14:12; Polyaenus, Exc. 3, 8).

ⓐ of an everyday meal, dinner, supper περὶ δείπνου ὥραν about dinner time (cp. POxy 110 δειπνῆσαι … ἀπὸ ὥρας θ´) MPol 7:1; cp. Lk 14:17.

ⓑ of a formal meal w. guests feast, dinner

α. gener. in our lit. of an elaborate dinner celebration (Iren., 1, 13, 4 [Harv. I 120, 9]) Mt 23:6; Mk 12:39; Lk 11:43 v.l.; 14:12, 17, 24; 20:46; 1 Cor 10:27 v.l.; Rv 19:9; Hs 5, 5, 3.—δεῖπνον μέγα (Vi. Aesopi W 77 P. p. 99, 43 ἐπὶ μέγα δεῖπνον ἐκάλει τινά) Lk 14:16; Rv 19:17. ποιεῖν δ. give a dinner (PMeyer 20, 34 δεῖπνον ἐπόει μοι; PGM 1, 106; Da 5:1 Theod.) Mk 6:21; Lk 14:12, 16; J 12:2; Hs 5, 2, 9=the feast of 5, 5, 3. δείπνου γινομένου when a dinner was being held J 13:2 (Athen. 4, 8, 132c πότερον ἐν ἄστει γίνεται βελτίω δεῖπνα ἢ ἐν Χαλκίδι;). τελεσθέντος τοῦ δ. at the end of the meal GJs 6:3. W. temporal ref. τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ δ. (cp. POxy 110 cited in a above) Lk 14:17.

β. a cultic meal, such as the Passover J 13:4; 21:20 (exx. of δ.=a cult meal in JBehm, TW II 34f; Biogr. p. 92 at the sacrifice a priest calls out: Πίνδαρος ἴτω ἐπὶ τὸ δεῖπνον τοῦ θεοῦ). κυριακὸν δ. the Lord’s Feast (Supper) 1 Cor 11:20. On τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον προλαμβάνει vs. 21 s. ἴδιος 1b and προλαμβάνω 1c. Cp. ESchweizer, D. Herrenmahl im NT. Ein Forschungsbericht: TLZ 79, ’54, 577–92; TRE I 43–278.—Billerb. IV 611–39; Pauly-W. XIV 524–27; RAC III 658–66; VI 612–35; B. 352 and 354. DELG. M-M. TW.

θυσία, ας, ἡ (s. θύω and next entry; Pind., Hdt.+).

① act of offering, offering fig. ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τ. πίστεως ὑμῶν as you offer your faith Phil 2:17 (though mng. 2b is not impossible for the complex set of imagery in this pass.; s. below).

② that which is offered as a sacrifice, sacrifice, offering

ⓐ lit.

α. (stated gener. Dg 3:5; Just., D. 43, 1 al.; Ath. 26, 3) Mt 9:13; 12:7 (both Hos 6:6); Mk 9:49 v.l., s. ἁλίζω; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7), 26. Pl. Mk 12:33; Lk 13:1 (cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 30 παρὰ ταῖς ἰδίαις θυσίαις ἀπεσφάχθαι); Hb 10:1, 8; 1 Cl 4:2 (Gen 4:5; cp. Diod S 12, 20, 2 τῶν θεῶν οὐ χαιρόντων ταῖς τῶν πονηρῶν θυσίαις); B 2:4, 5 (Is 1:11), 7 (Jer 7:22). The various kinds are specified 1 Cl 41:2. ἀνάγειν θυσίαν bring an offering Ac 7:41 (ἀνάγω 3). Also ἀναφέρειν θ. Hb 7:27 (ἀναφέρω 3); δοῦναι θ. Lk 2:24. προσφέρειν (Ex 32:6; Lev 2:1, 8 and oft.; Just., D. 41, 3 al.) Ac 7:42 (Am 5:25); Hb 5:1; 8:3; 10:11; 11:4; 1 Cl 10:7. Pass. Hb 9:9. φέρειν θ. (2 Ch 29:31, Jer 17:26; Just. A I, 24, 2 al.) 1 Cl 4:1 (Gen 4:3). προσάγεσθαι θ. (cp. 1 Esdr 1:16) be led as a sacrifice 1 Cl 31:3.

β. of a sacrificial meal (Polycrates: 588 Fgm. 1 Jac. equated w. θοίνη [‘feast’]; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 29, 9 τὴν θυσίαν ἐποιησάμεθα τῶν Σωτηρίων=the meal to celebrate deliverance) ἐσθίειν τὰς θ. eat the sacrifices (Ps 105:28; Num 25:2) 1 Cor 10:18. The Eucharist is spoken of as a sacrifice or offering and sacrificial meal D 14:1ff (s. Knopf, Hdb. exc. on D 9 and 10, p. 24f).

γ. of the sacrificial death of Christ which, in contrast to the earthly sacrifices, is to be classed among the κρείττονες θυσίαι Hb 9:23; 10:12. διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ 9:26. παρέδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν θυσίαν τ. θεῷ Eph 5:2 (Diod S 4, 82, 2 τὴν θυσίαν ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων τ. Ἑλλήνων).—B 7:3.—Of aspiration to martyrdom ἵνα διὰ τῶν ὀργάνων τούτων θεοῦ θυσία εὑρεθῶ IRo 4:2. προσδεχθείην … σήμερον ἐν θυσίᾳ πίονι καὶ προσδεκτῇ MPol 14:2.

ⓑ fig. (Sextus 47: the doing of good as the only θυσία pleasing to God; sim. Persius 2, 73–75, a pure heart is the appropriate sacrifice in temples: compositum ius fasque animo … haec cedo ut admoveam templis) a broken spirit designated as θ. 1 Cl 18:16f; 52:4; B 2:10 (all three Ps 50:19). θ. αἰνέσεως praise-offering (s. on αἴνεσις) is used fig. in our lit. of spiritual sacrifice 1 Cl 35:12 (Ps 49:23); 52:3 (Ps 49:14). It is explained Hb 13:15 as καρπὸς χειλέων ὁμολογούντων τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ (=τ. θεοῦ).—εἰ σπένδομαι ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν even if I must pour out my blood over the sacrifice of your faith (i.e., consisting in your faith) Phil 2:17 (cp. Arrian, Anab. 6, 19, 5 σπείσας ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τὴν φιάλην; but s. 1 above). θ. δεκτή an acceptable sacr. (s. δεκτός 2) Phil 4:18; Hs 5, 3, 8; cp. Hb 13:16 and 2aγ end. πνευματικαὶ θ. spiritual sacrifices 1 Pt 2:5 (cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 18; 19; 21 λογικαὶ θυσίαι; s. on this Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 38; 328f.—SibOr 8, 408 ζῶσα θυσία). παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν I appeal to you to present your bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1 (παριστάναι θυσίαν is a t.t. of sacrificial procedure: OGI 332, 17 and 42; 456, 20f; 764, 23 and 33 al., SIG² 554, 6; SIG³ 694, 50.—PSeidensticker, Lebendiges Opfer Röm 12:1, diss. Münster, ’54).—OSchmitz, Die Opferanschauung d. spät. Judentums u. die Opferaussagen d. NTs 1910; HWenschkewitz, D. Spiritualisierung der Kultusbegriffe Tempel, Priester u. Opfer im NT ’32; WvLoewenich, Z. Verständnis d. Opfergedankens im Hb: ThBl 12, ’32, 167–72; JBrinktrine, D. Messopferbegr. in den ersten 2 Jahrh. 1918; RYerkes, ATR 29, ’47, 28–33; RdeVaux, Les Sacrifices de l’Ancien Testament ’64. BHHW II 1345–52; Pauly-W. XVIII 579–627; JCasabona, Recherches sur le vocabulaire des Sacrifices en Grec ’66.—B. 1467. DELG s.v. 2 θύω B6. TRE XXV esp. 253–78. M-M. Sv. S. also εὐχαριστία 3.

καλέω impf. ἐκάλουν; fut. καλέσω (LXX; JosAs 17:5; 20:6; Jos., Ant. 11, 266.—W-S. §13, 5; B-D-F §74, 1; Mlt-H. 242); 1 aor. ἐκάλεσα; pf. κέκληκα. Mid.: fut. 3 sg. καλέσεται (Just., D. 43, 5). Pass. 1 fut. κληθῆσομαι (W-S. §15); 2 fut. 3 sg. κεκλήσεται Lev 13:45; Hos 12:1; 1 aor. ἐκλήθην; pf. κέκλημαι (Hom.+).

① to identify by name or attribute, call, call by name, name

ⓐ call (to someone) abs., with naming implied (opp. ὑπακούειν; cp. PHamb 29, 3 [89 A.D.] κληθέντων τινῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπακουσάντων; Just., D. 136, 2 οὔτε καλοῦντος αὐτοῦ ἀνέχεσθε οὔτε λαλοῦντος ἀκούετε) of God ἐκάλουν καὶ οὐχ ὑπηκούσατε 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:24); w. obj. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα καλεῖ κατʼ ὄνομα J 10:3 v.l.

ⓑ call, address as, designate as w. double acc. (Just., D. 3, 5 θεὸν σὺ τί καλεῖς; Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 1) αὐτὸν καλῶμεν κύριον 2 Cl 4:1; cp. Mt 22:43, 45; 23:9 (here the sense supplies the second acc.: you are to call no one your father); Lk 20:44; Ac 14:12; Ro 9:25; Hb 2:11; 1 Pt 1:17 P⁷²; 3:6. A voc. can take the place of the second acc. τί με καλεῖτε κύριε, κύριε; Lk 6:46. Pass. καλεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ῥαββί Mt 23:7. ὑμεῖς μὴ κληθῆτε ῥαββί you are not to have people call you ‘rabbi’ vs. 8; vs. 10. Cp. Lk 22:25; Js 2:23. ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς κληθήσεται Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17 (both Is 56:7). κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).

ⓒ name, provide with a name w. double acc. (Iren. 1, 1, 1 [Harv. I 8, 3]) ἐκάλουν αὐτὸ … Ζαχαρίαν they were for naming him Z. Lk 1:59 (on ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τ. πατρός after his father[’s name] cp. 1 Esdr 5:38; Sir 36:11 and s. Hs 9, 17, 4).—Pass. be given a name, be named (Jos., Ant. 1, 34) κληθήσεται Ἰωάννης his name is to be John Lk 1:60; cp. vs. 62. σὺ κληθήσῃ Κηφᾶς J 1:42. Also of localities Mt 27:8; Ac 1:19; ApcPt Rainer (s. Ἀχερουσία).—Have as a name, be called (Lucian, Jud. Voc. 7 Λυσίμαχος ἐκαλεῖτο; Just., D. 1, 3 Τρύφων…καλοῦμαι; 63, 5 Χριστιανοὶ … καλούμεθα) ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τ. ὀνόματι τούτῳ who bears this name Lk 1:61. Also of localities (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 70 §289; 3, 91 §374; SIG 599, 5 τὸ φρούριον ὸ̔ καλεῖται Κάριον; Just., A I, 59, 6 τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρεβος) πόλις Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ Lk 2:4. Cp. Ac 28:1; Rv 11:8.—Lk, Ac, Rv, GPt add to a pers. or thing the name or surname which he, she, or it bears, by means of the pres. pass. ptc. (cp. SIG 685, 39 νῆσον τὴν καλουμένην Λεύκην; 826e 22; 1063, 5; PPetr II, 45 II, 20; BGU 1000, 6; PCairGoodsp 9, 4; O. Wilck II, 1210, 4). The name: ἀδελφὴ καλουμένη Μαριάμ a sister named Mary Lk 10:39 (PCairMasp 23, 16 τ. ἀδελφὴν καλουμένην Πρόκλαν; TestJob 48:1 ἡ καλουμένη Ἡμέρα). Cp. 19:2; Ac 7:58; Rv 19:11, also 12:9. πόλις καλουμένη Ν. Lk 7:11; cp. 9:10; 19:29; 21:37; 23:33; Ac 1:12; 3:11; 8:10; 9:11; 10:1; 27:8, 14, 16; Rv 1:9; 16:16; GPt 6:24. The surname (2 Macc 10:12 Πτολεμαῖος ὁ καλούμενος Μάκρων; 1 Macc 3:1; Jos., Ant. 13, 367; TestJob 1:1 Ιωβ τοῦ καλουμένου Ιωβαβ): Σίμων ὁ κ. ζηλωτής Simon the Zealot Lk 6:15. Cp. 1:36; 8:2; 22:3 (s. ἐπικαλέω 2); Ac 1:23; 13:1; 15:22 (s. ἐπικαλέω), 37.—The example of the OT (Gen 17:19; 1 Km 1:20; Hos 1:9; 1 Macc 6:17) has influenced the expr. καλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος, w. the name added in the acc. καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν Mt 1:21; GJs 11:3; 14:2. Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14), 25; Lk 1:13, 31. Pass. Lk 2:21; Rv 19:13.

ⓓ Very oft. the emphasis is to be placed less on the fact that names are such and such, than on the fact that the bearers of the name actually are what the name says about them. The pass. be named thus approaches closely the mng. to be, and it must be left to the sensitivity of the interpreter whether this transl. is to be attempted in any individual case (Quint. Smyrn. 14, 434 οὔτʼ ἔτι σεῖο κεκλήσομαι=I do not wish any longer to be yours, i.e. your daughter). Among such pass. are these: Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται he is to be a Nazarene Mt 2:23. υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται 5:9; cp. vs. 19ab. υἱὸς ὑψίστου κληθήσεται (in parallelism w. ἔσται μέγας) Lk 1:32; so GJs 11:3, but without the ref. to greatness; cp. Lk 1:35, 76; 2:23. οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου 15:19, 21. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος 1 Cor 15:9. ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καί ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are 1J 3:1 (sim. Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; cp. Just., D. 123, 9; καλεῖσθαι beside εἶναι as Plut., Demetr. 900 [25, 6]). οἱ κεκλημένοι ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου those who are identified by the Lord’s name i.e. as Christians Hs 8, 1, 1. ἄχρις οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται as long as it is called ‘today’, as long as ‘today’ lasts Hb 3:13 (WLorimer, NTS 12, ’66, 390f, quoting Pla., Phd. 107c).—Here we may also class ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα in (through) Isaac you are to have your descendants Ro 9:7 and Hb 11:18 (Gen 21:12).

② to request the presence of someone at a social gathering, invite (Hom. et al.; pap; 2 Km 13:23; Esth 5:12; ISardRobert 1, ’64, p. 9, lines 1–4) τινά someone εἰς (τοὺς) γάμους to the wedding (Diod S 4, 70, 3; POxy 1487, 1 καλεῖ σε Θέων εἰς τοὺς γάμους) Mt 22:9; Lk 14:8, cp. vs. 10 (Syn. ἐρωτάω; s. three texts, invitations to the κλινή of Sarapis [ZPE 1, ’67, 121–26], two w. ἐ. and one w. καλέω New Docs 1, 5–9; on Luke’s compositional use of the meal context, s. XdeMeeûs, ETL 37, ’61, 847–70; cp. J 2:2; Rv 19:9. Abs. invite τινά someone 1 Cor 10:27 (Diog. L. 7, 184 of Chrysippus: ἐπὶ θυσίαν [sacrificial meal] ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν κληθῆναι); priests to a child’s birthday GJs 6:2. Cp. Lk 7:39; 14:9, 12f, 16. οἱ κεκλημένοι the invited guests (Damox. Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 2, 26 K. in Athen. 3, 59, 102c τ. κεκλημένον; Jos., Ant. 6, 48; 52); Mt 22:3b (οἱ κεκλημένοι εἰς τ. γάμους as Diphilus Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 17, 1), 4, 8; Lk 14:7, 17; cp. vs. 24. ὁ κεκληκώς, the host 14:10 (s. above).—If αὐτοῦ Mk 2:15 refers to Jesus’ home, κ. in vs. 17 registers the double sense of an invitation to dinner and receipt of Messianic benefits, w. Jesus as host (s. AMcNeile, Mt ’57, 118); difft. Lk 5:27–32, s. 4 below. Of a follow-up invitation to guests upon completion of banquet preparations Mt 22:3a (cp. 3b below).

③ to use authority to have a person or group appear, summon

ⓐ call together τινάς people: Workers to be paid Mt 20:8. Slaves to receive orders 25:14; Lk 19:13. Shepherds GJs 4:3. τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν Ἑβραίων for Mary’s diversion 6:1; 7:2. τὰς παρθένους Ox 404 recto, 21 (Hs 113, 5); GJs 10:1. Guests Mt 22:3a (s. 2 end).

ⓑ summon τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 82 §347; 4, 86 §362; 1 Macc 1:6) ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλοῦντες αὐτόν they sent to him to summon him Mk 3:31. Cp. Mt 2:7; 22:3a. Of Joseph ἐκάλεσεν αὐτήν GJs 13:2 (for the context cp. Mt 1:18f). Of God: the Israelites fr. Egypt (as a type of Christ) Mt 2:15.— Call upon (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10; 4 Macc 3:19) Hb 11:8.

ⓒ a legal t.t. call in, summon before a court (oft. pap) τινά someone (Jos., Ant. 14, 169) Ac 4:18; 24:2.—The transition to mng. 4 is well illustrated by Mt 4:21; Mk 1:20; Papias (8), where the summons is also a call to discipleship.

④ From the mngs. ‘summon’ and ‘invite’ there develops the extended sense choose for receipt of a special benefit or experience, call (Paus. 10, 32, 13 οὓς ἂν ἡ ῏Ισις καλέσῃ διʼ ἐνυπνίων; Ael. Aristid. 30, 9 K.=10 p. 116 D.: ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κληθείς) καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ Hb 5:4. τινὰ εἴς τι someone to someth., in the usage of the NT, as well as that of the LXX, of the choice of pers. for salvation: God (much more rarely Christ) calls εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν 1 Th 2:12; εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν 1 Pt 5:10. εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Ti 6:12. εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ to fellowship with his son 1 Cor 1:9. ἐκ σκότους εἰς τὸ αὐτοῦ φῶς from darkness to his light 1 Pt 2:9. ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς 1 Cl 59:2. διὰ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ Gal 1:15. for this God called you through our proclamation, namely to obtain the glory 2 Th 2:14; cp. 1 Th 2:12. καλέσαντι … εἰς τὴν μερίδα τοῦ κλήρους τῶν ἁγίων Col 1:12 v.l. (for ἱκανώσαντι). Without further modification Ro 8:30; 9:24; 1 Cor 7:17f, 20–22, 24; Eph 1:11 v.l.; 2 Cl 9:5; 10:1.—κ. κλήσει ἁγίᾳ call with a holy calling 2 Ti 1:9. ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως ἧς (attraction, instead of ἣν) ἐκλήθητε worthily of the calling by which you were called Eph 4:1 (on the constr. s. W-S. §24, 4b; Rob. 478). Of God: ὁ καλῶν τινά Gal 5:8; 1 Th 5:24. Abs. ὁ καλῶν Ro 9:12. ὁ καλέσας τινά Gal 1:6; 1 Pt 1:15; 2 Pt 1:3. Likew. of Christ ὁ καλέσας τινά 2 Cl 5:1 (Just., A I, 15, 7). Pass. οἱ κεκλημένοι those who are called Hb 9:15. κεκλημένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διʼ αὐτοῦ (=Ἰ. Χρ.) 1 Cl 65:2. οἱ κεκλημένοι ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ (=υἱοῦ τ. θεοῦ) Hs 9, 14, 5. οἱ κληθέντες Hm 4, 3, 4. S. also 1d.—More closely defined: ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ B 14:7 (Is 42:6). ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ (s. ἐλευθερία) Gal 5:13. οὐκ ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ not for impurity, but in consecration 1 Th 4:7. ἐν εἰρήνῃ in peace 1 Cor 7:15. ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν you were called in the one hope that you share in your call Eph 4:4. ἡμεῖς διὰ θελήματος αὐτου (=θεοῦ) ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ κληθέντες 1 Cl 32:4. εἰς εἰρήνην τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐνὶ σώματι Col 3:15. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 2 Cl 9:4. ἐν Ἰσαάκ Hb 11:18 (=Ro 9:7). πόθεν ἐκλήθημεν καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος καὶ εἰς ὸ̔ν τόπον 2 Cl 1:2. εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα for this reason, that 1 Pt 3:9; cp. 2:21. Of Christ: οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς (+ εἰς μετάνοιαν v.l.) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17 (on a prob. double sense in this pass. s. 2); 2 Cl 2:4; cp. vs. 7 (cp. Just., A I, 40, 7 εἰς μετάνοιαν καλεῖ πάντας ὁ θεός); Lk 5:32 (ἐλήλυθα … εἰς μετάνοιαν). Of God: ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς οὐκ ὄντας he called us when we did not exist 2 Cl 1:8. ὁ καλῶν τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα the one who calls into being what does not exist Ro 4:17 (Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 187 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ἐκάλεσεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι; cp. Is 41:4; 48:13).—Of the call to an office by God Hb 5:4.—JHempel, Berufung u. Bekehrung (also GBeer Festschr.) ’35; HWildberger, Jahwes Eigentumsvolk ’60.—B. 1276. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW.

ἐσθίω (Hom.+) and, mainly in the ptc., ἔσθω (Hom., also in other poets, rare in prose [Plut., Mor. p. 101d]; Coan ins, III B.C.: RHerzog, ARW 10, 1907, 400ff; 23; 27; 42; POslo 153, 15 [beg. II A.D.]; PGiss 80, 5; ostraca [BGU 1507, 14; 1508, 3; 4: III B.C.]; LXX; En 98:11 [?]. ἔσθων Lev 17:14; 1 Km 14:30; Sir 20:17; Mk 1:6; Lk 7:33f, 10:7 [the three last v.l.]; μὴ ἔσθετε Lev 19:26. ὅταν ἔσθητε Num 15:19. ἵνα ἔσθητε Lk 22:30. B-D-F §101; W-S. §15; Mlt-H. 238; Schwyzer, I 704 n. 1). Impf. ἤσθιον; fut. ἔδομαι LXX (Mel, P. 12, 80; 13, 83; 93, 697; 1 Cl 39:9; 57:6); 2 aor. ἔφαγον, w. extension of 1 aor. endings (B-D-F §84, 2; Rob. 333; cp. Schwyzer I 753f): 3 pl. ἐφάγοσαν Ps 77:29, 1 pl. ἐφάγαμεν 2 Km 19:43; fut. φάγομαι (B-D-F §74, 2; Mlt-H. 238), 2 sing. φάγεσαι Lk 17:8; Ruth 2:14 (W-S. §13, 6 and 17; B-D-F §87; Mlt-H. 198); pf. pass. ptc. acc. ἐδηδεμένους (Ath., R. 52, 20); pres. 3 sg. ἔσθεται Lev 11:34; Dt 12:22.

① to take someth. in through the mouth, usually solids, but also liquids, eat.

ⓐ w. acc. of thing (Hom. et al.) τί φάγωσιν (after neg.) anything to eat Mt 15:32; Mk 6:36; 8:1f; cp. Mt 6:25, 31; Lk 12:22 (s. Epict. 1, 9, 8; 19). τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως the consecrated bread Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4. Locusts and wild honey Mk 1:6. Manna (Ps 77:24) J 6:31, 49 (Just., D. 20, 4). Vegetables Ro 14:2b. Meat 14:21; 1 Cor 8:13; GEb 308, 31f; 34f (τὰς σάρκας αὐτῶν ‘one’s own flesh’ 4 [6] Esdr; POxy 1010). τὰ εἰδωλόθυτα 1 Cor 8:10; cp. vs. 7; Rv 2:14, 20 (Just., D. 34, 8; 35, 1). τὰς θυσίας (Sir 45:21; Ps 105:28) 1 Cor 10:18. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ food from the temple 9:13. τὴν σάρκα τ. υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου J 6:53 (which passage many interpret as referring to the Eucharist while others explain it as speaking of receiving Christ spiritually through faith). πάντα all kinds of food Ro 14:2a (μὴ πάντα ἐσθίοντες Just., 20, 3). τὰ παρατιθέμενα the food that is set before (one) Lk 10:8; 1 Cor 10:27. τὸ ἐν μακέλλῳ πωλούμενον 10:25. τὸ βιβλαρίδιον Rv 10:10 (cp. Ezk 2:8; 3:3). τὸ πάσχα the Passover meal, esp. the Passover lamb (2 Esdr 6:21; 2 Ch 30:18; ESchürer, Über φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα 1883; Dalman, Jesus 81f) Mt 26:17; Mk 14:12, 14; Lk 22:8, 11, 15; J 18:28. κυριακὸν δεῖπνον φαγεῖν 1 Cor 11:20. ἄρτον ἐσθίειν eat a meal, w. bread as its main part (Ex 2:20; 1 Km 20:34; 2 Km 9:7; 3 Km 13:15 al.) Mt 15:2; Mk 3:20; 7:2, 5; Lk 14:1 (s. Billerb. IV 611–39: E. altjüd. Gastmahl); of the end-time banquet Lk 14:15 (cp. ἄρτον ζωῆς JosAs 15:4). τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτον ἐ. eat one’s own bread 2 Th 3:12. ἄρτον φαγεῖν παρά τινος eat someone’s bread vs. 8. τὰ παρά τινος what someone provides Lk 10:7. Neg. οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδέν he ate nothing at all Lk 4:2 (cp. Job 21:25 οὐ φαγὼν οὐδὲν ἀγαθόν; En 15:11 πνεύματα … μηδὲν ἐσθίοντα). Of complete abstinence μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον 7:33. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν AcPl Ox 6, 7=Aa 241, 12f. οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινόν I have never eaten anything common at all Ac 10:14 (cp. 1 Macc 1:62; Just., D. 20, 3). Allegorical interpretation of Mosaic laws against eating forbidden foods B 10 (cp. Hierocles 26 p. 480 reinterpretation of the Pythagorean laws against forbidden foods as moral laws).—Of animals (Hom. et al.; Aelian, VH 1, 1; 2, 40; 3 Km 13:28; Is 65:25; Da 4:33 Theod.; GrBar 4:5 [δράκων]; 6:11 [Φοῖνιξ): birds τὰς σάρκας τινός eat someone’s flesh (Gen 40:19) Rv 17:16; 19:18. Swine Lk 15:16 (ὧν here is for ἅ by attraction, not a gen. dependent on ἐ., as it prob. is in X., Hell. 3, 3, 6; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 21; such a constr. would be unique in our lit.).

ⓑ w. prepositions, to denote the thing of which one partakes:

α. w. ἀπό τινος (Lev 22:6; Num 15:19; Dt 14:12, 19; Pr 13:2; Da 4:33a; ApcSed 4:5; ApcMos 17 al.) dogs: ἐ. ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων eat the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28 (on the pl. ἐσθίουσιν after the neut. κυνάρια cp. Lk 11:7; 1 Cl 42:2; B-D-F §133; s. Rob. 403f). ἀπὸ τραπέζης partake of a meal D 11:9. ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας 9:5.

β. w. ἔκ τινος of/from someth. (Jdth 12:2; Sir 11:19; JosAs 16:7f; ApcMos 16f) ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου eat (some of) the bread (2 Km 12:3; Tob 1:10; TestJob 7:10 ἐκ τῶν ἄρτων μου) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. J 6:26, 50f. ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν Hs 9, 1, 10. ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆ ποίμνη get sustenance fr. the milk of the flock 1 Cor 9:7. ἐκ τ. θυσιαστηρίου Hb 13:10. ἐκ τ. ξύλου τ. ζωῆς from the tree of life Rv 2:7 (s. En 32:6); cp. μηκέτι ἐκ σοῦ μηδεὶς καρπὸν φάγοι (v.l. φάγῃ) Mk 11:14.

ⓒ used with other prep. expressions ἐ. μετά τινος eat w. someone (1 Km 9:19; Jdth 12:11; Job 1:4; Ezk 47:22; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]) Mt 9:11; 24:49; Mk 2:16; 14:18 (cp. Ps 40:10); Lk 5:30; 7:36. ἐνώπιόν τινος in someone’s presence (cp. ἐναντίον τ. θεοῦ Ex 18:12; Ezk 44:3) 13:26; 24:43. ἐπὶ τ. τραπέζης τινός at someone’s table (2 Km 9:11; cp. vs. 13; Da 11:27) Lk 22:30. διὰ προσκόμματος ἐ. eat with offense (i.e. so that one takes offense in doing so; perh. also so that one gives offense) Ro 14:20.

ⓓ abs. Mt 12:1; 14:20; 26:21, 26; Mk 7:3f; 14:18a, 22; Ac 27:35; D 12:3; B 7:5 al. Used w. λαμβάνειν (Gen 3:22) λάβετε φάγετε Mt 26:26b; οἱ ἐσθίοντες 14:21; 15:38. φάγωμεν κ. πίωμεν let us eat and drink 1 Cor 15:32 (Is 22:13; Ath., R. 72, 11). φάγε, πίε, εὐφραίνου Lk 12:19 (Aristobulus of Cass. [III B.C.]: 139 Fgm. 9 Jac. [cited in Strabo 14, 5, 9], statue of Sardanapalus w. the ins ἔσθιε, πῖνε, παῖζε• ὡς τἆλλα τούτου οὐκ ἄξια=‘Eat, drink, have fun. There’s nothing like it.’ This saying of Sardanapalus is also found in Arrian, Anab. 2, 5, 4. A similar thought in the Phrygian grave-ins: IGal 78, 11ff). τὸ φαγεῖν eating Mt 15:20; 1 Cor 11:21. διδόναι τινὶ φαγεῖν give someone someth. to eat (Ex 16:8, 15; Num 11:18, 21) Mt 14:16; 25:35, 42; Mk 5:43; 6:37; Lk 8:55; 9:13; J 6:52; Rv 2:7. φέρειν τινὶ φαγεῖν (cp. 2 Km 17:29) J 4:33. εὐκαιρέω φαγεῖν I find time to eat Mk 6:31. ἔχω βρῶσιν φαγεῖν I have food to eat J 4:32.—With the principle stated in 2 Th 3:10 cp. Lucian, Par. 13: when a pupil progresses well δότε αὐτῷ φαγεῖν; when he does not, μὴ δῶτε.

ⓔ ἐ. and πίνω are freq. found together, as in some pass. already quoted (Hom. et al.; very oft. LXX; En 102:9; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 16 [Stone p. 10]; B 5 p. 109, 16 [Stone p. 66]; JosAs 9:3 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. ins 113; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 234).

α. = receive support 1 Cor 9:4.

β. = eat a meal Lk 5:30; 17:8; 1 Cor 11:22; AcPl Ox 6, 7. Of a festive sacrificial meal 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6).

γ. in contrast to fasting—the latter expressed by ἐ. and πίνω w. a neg. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 141 οὔτε πίνων οὔτε ἐσθίων) Mt 11:18; Lk 4:2 v.l.; 7:33; Ac 9:9; 23:12, 21—Mt 11:19; Lk 5:33; 7:34; B 7:5.

δ. of ordinary daily activities Lk 17:27f.

ε. of carefree, even luxurious or dissipated living Mt 24:49; Lk 12:19, 45; 1 Cor 15:32 (cp. Is 22:13).—HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 10f.

② to do away with completely, fig. extension of mng. 1 (Hom. et al.; LXX) consume, devour (of fire Il. 23, 182; Is 10:17; 26:11) πυρὸς ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους fire, which is about to consume the adversaries Hb 10:27 (Is 26:11). ὁ ἰὸς … φάγεται τ. σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ the rust will eat your flesh like fire Js 5:3 (cp. Aeschyl., Fgm. 253 φαγέδαινα [an ulcer] σάρκας ἐσθίει ποδός; Is 30:27 ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ θυμοῦ ὡς πῦρ ἔδεται). B. 327.—DELG s.v. ἔδω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

διακονία, ας, ἡ (s. διακονέω, διάκονος; Thu. et al.; IG XII/5, 600, 14 [III B.C.]; PFouad 25 verso I, 1 [II A.D.]; 1 Macc 11:58; Esth 6:3, 5 [both v.l.]; TestJob 11:1ff, 15:1; Joseph.)

① service rendered in an intermediary capacity, mediation, assignment, δ. τῆς λειτουργίας mediation of this public obligation 2 Cor 9:12; cp. 13. ἡ δ. ἡ εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ my embassy in behalf of J. (=my role as delivery agent [for the gift] for J. The v.l. δωροφορία indicates that δ. denotes intermediary function; the context informs the reader that the mission involves the bringing of a gift) Ro 15:31; cp. 2 Cor 8:4; 9:1.—On the ‘collection’: ELombard, RTP 35, 1902, 113–39; 262–81; MGoguel, RHPR 4, 1925, 301–18; KNickle, The Collection ’66.—πνεύματα εἰς δ. ἀποστελλόμενα spirits sent out on assignment Hb 1:14.

② performance of a service

ⓐ gener. service πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τ. ἁγίων εἰς ἔργον διακονίας to prepare God’s people for productive service Eph 4:12 (the rendering [as later edd. of RSV, also NRSV, REB] assumes that no comma, as in KJV, RV, RSV¹, JB et al., is to be placed before εἰς [difft. 3 below]); δ. τοῦ λόγου Ac 6:4; ἡ ὑμῶν δ. service to you 2 Cor 11:8.—1 Cor 16:15; 2 Ti 4:11; Rv 2:19.

ⓑ specif. engagement in preparations for a social event, such as a meal (s. Plut., Philopoem. 357 [2, 3]: a Megarian hostess mistakes the statesman P. for one of his aides and sets him to chop wood as part of the διάκονια or preparations for a meal; Jos., Ant. 2, 65; 11, 163 διακονεῖν τινι τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ πότου διακονίαν) περιεσπᾶτο περὶ πολλὴν δ. (Martha) was distracted w. many preparations Lk 10:40.

③ functioning in the interest of a larger public, service, office of the prophets and apostles 1 Ti 1:12; κλῆρος τῆς δ. Ac 1:17; τόπος τῆς δ. vs. 25. Of the service of the Levites 1 Cl 40:5; the office of an ecclesiastical overseer IPhld 1:1; 10:2; ISm 12:1; Hs 9, 27, 2; δ. λαμβάνειν receive a ministry Ac 20:24. διαιρέσεις διακονιῶν 1 Cor 12:5; δ. τοῦ θανάτου ministry of death: of the OT law 2 Cor 3:7. Also δ. τῆς κατακρίσεως min. of condemnation vs. 9. Opp. δ. τῆς δικαιοσύνης min. of righteousness ibid.; δ. τοῦ πνεύματος min. of the Spirit vs. 8 of service in behalf of the Gospel; cp. Ac 21:19; Ro 11:13; 2 Cor 4:1; 6:3; Col 4:17; 2 Ti 4:5; δ. τῆς καταλλαγῆς ministry of reconciliation 2 Cor 5:18; τὴν δ. τελέσαι carry out this assignment Hm 2:6; concerning obedience and exhortation 12, 3, 3; Hs 1:9; 2:7. τελειῶσαι … τὴν δʼ discharge … my responsibility Ac 20:34.—Eph 4:12 belongs here if, with KJV, RV, RSV¹ et al. and contrary to N. and other edd., a comma is placed before εἰς (s. Collins [at 5, end, below] 233f).

④ rendering of specific assistance, aid, support (Arrian, Peripl. 3, 1 εἰς διακονίαν=for support), esp. of alms and charitable giving (AcThom 59 [Aa II/2, 176, 2] χρήματα πολλὰ εἰς διακονίαν τῶν χηρῶν=much money to take care of the widows) Ac 6:1. εἰς δ. πέμψαι τί τινι send someone someth. for support 11:29; cp. 12:25.

⑤ an administrative function, service as attendant, aide, or assistant (Eng. loanw. ‘deacon’; Hippol., Ref. 7, 36, 3) Ro 12:7 (Ltzm., ZWT 55, 1913, 110); IMg 6:1; IPhld 10:2; Hs 9, 26, 2.—PAbbing, Diakonia, diss. Utrecht ’50; BReicke, Diakonie, Festfreude u. Zelos usw. ’51, 19–164; RAC III 909–17; WBrandt, Dienst u. Duienen im NT ’31 (diss. Münster: Diakonie u. das NT, 1923); JCollins, Diakonia ’90.—DELG s.v. διάκονος. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀγάπη, ης, ἡ (this term has left little trace in polytheistic Gk. lit. A sepulchral ins, prob. honoring a polytheistic army officer, who is held in ‘high esteem’ by his country [SEG VIII, 11, 6 (III A.D.)] sheds light on an ex. such as Philod., παρρ. col. 13a, 3 Oliv., but s. Söding [below] 294. The restorations in POxy 1380, 28 and 109f [II A.D.] are in dispute: s. New Docs 4, 259 [lit.]; Söding [end] 294f, n. 68 [lit.]. For other exx. from the Gr-Rom. world s. Ltzm., exc. after 1 Cor 13; L-S-J-M; ACeresa-Gastaldo, Αγάπη nei documenti anteriori al NT: Aegyptus 31, ’51, 269–306, has a new pap and a new ins ex. fr. III A.D. secular sources; in RivFil 31, ’53, 347–56 the same author shows it restored in an ins of 27 B.C., but against C-G. s. lit. Söding 293, n. 57. In Jewish sources: LXX, esp. SSol, also pseudepigr., Philo, Deus Imm. 69; Just., D. 93, 4. Cp. ACarr, ET 10, 1899, 321–30. Its paucity in gener. Gk. lit. may be due to a presumed colloq. flavor of the noun (but s. IPontEux I, 359, 6 as parallel to 2 Cor 8:8 below). No such stigma attached to the use of the verb ἀγαπαω (q.v.).

① the quality of warm regard for and interest in another, esteem, affection, regard, love (without limitation to very intimate relationships, and very seldom in general Greek of sexual attraction).

ⓐ of human love

α. without indication of the pers. who is the object of interest (cp. Eccl 9:1, 6; Sir 48:11 v.l.): ἀ. as subj. ἡ ἀ. οἰκοδομεῖ 1 Cor 8:1.—13:4, 8 (on 1 Cor 13 see the comm. [Maxim Tyr. 20:2 praise of ἔρως what it is not and what it is; s. AHarnack, SBBerlAk 1911, 132–63, esp. 152f; ELehmann and AFridrichsen, 1 Cor 13 e. christl.-stoische Diatribe: StKr Sonderheft 1922, 55–95]; EHoffmann, Pauli Hymnus auf d. Liebe: Dtsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwiss. u. Geistesgesch. 4, 1926, 58–73; NLund, JBL 50, ’31, 266–76; GRudberg, Hellas och Nya Testamentet ’34, 149f; HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 5, ’41, 1–32, Nuntius 6, ’52, 47f); Phil 1:9. ἡ ἀ. κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται Ro 13:10; πλήρωμα νόμου ἡ ἀ. ibid.; ψυγήσεται ἡ ἀ. τ. πολλῶν Mt 24:12; ἡ ἀ. ἀνυπόκριτος let love be genuine Ro 12:9, cp. 2 Cor 6:6. As predicate 1 Ti 1:5; 1J 4:16b (cp. bα). As obj. ἀγάπην ἔχειν (Did., Gen. 221, 30) 1 Cor 13:1–3; Phil 2:2 φιλίαν ἢ ἀγάπην ἔχοντες Just., D. 93, 4; διώκειν 1 Cor 14:1; 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 2:22; ἐνδύσασθαι τὴν ἀ. Col 3:14. ἀφιέναι Rv 2:4.—2 Pt 1:7; Col 1:8. ἐμαρτύρησάν σου τῇ ἀ. 3J 6. Attributively in gen. case ὁ κόπος τῆς ἀ. 1 Th 1:3; τὸ τ. ὑμετέρας ἀ. γνήσιον the genuineness of your love 2 Cor 8:8. ἔνδειξις τῆς ἀ. vs. 24; cp. πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀ. Tit 2:10 v.l.—Hb 10:24; Phil 2:1; 1 Pt 5:14; 1 Cl 49:2.—In prep. phrases ἐξ ἀγάπης out of love Phil 1:16; παράκλησις ἐπὶ τῇ ἀ. σου comfort from your love Phlm 7; περιπατεῖν κατὰ ἀ., ἐν ἀ. Ro 14:15; Eph 5:2; ἐν ἀ. ἔρχεσθαι (opp. ἐν ῥάβδῳ) 1 Cor 4:21; ἀληθεύειν ἐν ἀ. Eph 4:15. Other verbal combinations w. ἐν ἀ., 1 Cor 16:14; Eph 3:17; 4:2; Col 2:2; 1 Th 5:13; cp. Eph 4:16 (on Eph 1:4 s. bα). ἐν τῇ ἀ. 1J 4:16b, 18. διὰ τῆς ἀ. δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις Gal 5:13. πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη 5:6. διὰ τὴν ἀ. παρακαλῶ for love’s sake I appeal Phlm 9. μετὰ ἀγάπης πολιτεύεσθαι live in love 1 Cl 51:2.—W. ἀλήθεια 2J 3; πίστις 1 Th 3:6; 5:8; 1 Ti 1:14; 2 Ti 1:13; Phlm 5; B 11:8; IEph 1:1; 9:1; 14:1 al. W. πίστις and other concepts on the same plane Eph 6:23; 1 Ti 2:15; 4:12; 6:11; 2 Ti 2:22; 3:10; Tit 2:2; Rv 2:19; Hm 8:9; cp. v 3, 8, 2–5. The triad πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη 1 Cor 13:13; s. also Col 1:4f; 1 Th 1:3; 5:8; B 1:4 (cp. Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 24 τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα μάλιστα κεκρατύνθω περὶ θεοῦ• πίστις, ἀλήθεια, ἔρως, ἐλπίς and s. Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 242ff, NGG 1916, 367ff; 1917, 130ff, Hist. Zeitschr. 116, 1916, 189ff; AHarnack, PJ 164, 1916, 5ff=Aus d. Friedens-u. Kriegsarbeit 1916, 1ff; PCorssen, Sokrates 7, 1919, 18ff; ABrieger, D. urchr. Trias Gl., Lbe, Hoff., diss. Heidelb. 1925; WTheiler, D. Vorbereitung d. Neuplatonismus 1930, 148f). W. δύναμις and σωφρονισμός 2 Ti 1:7. Cp. B 1:6.—Attributes of love: ἀνυπόκριτος Ro 12:9; 2 Cor 6:6. γνησία 1 Cl 62:2. φιλόθεος and φιλάνθρωπος Agr 7. σύμφωνος IEph 4:1 ἄοκνος IPol 7:2. ἐκτενής 1 Pt 4:8. It is a fruit of the Spirit καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος Gal 5:22, and takes first rank among the fruits. ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματος Ro 15:30; cp. Col 1:8. Since the term denotes concern for another, the sense alms, charity ISm 6:2 is readily apparent (cp. ἀ. λαμβάνειν ‘receive alms’ PGen 14, 7).—ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς ἡ ἀγάπη τῶν ἀδελφῶν the members greet you with love IPhld 11:2; ISm 12:1, cp. ITr 13:1; IRo 9:3. In these passages the object of the love is often made plain by the context; in others it is

β. expressly mentioned

א. impers. ἀ. τῆς ἀληθείας 2 Th 2:10; ἀ. τῆς πατρίδος love for the homeland 1 Cl 55:5.

ב. human beings ἀ. εἴς τινα love for someone εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἁγίους Eph 1:15; Col 1:4. εἰς ἀλλήλους καὶ εἰς πάντας 1 Th 3:12; 2 Th 1:3; cp. 2 Cor 2:4, 8; 1 Pt 4:8; 2J 6. ἐν ἀλλήλοις J 13:35. ἐξ ἡμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν 2 Cor 8:7; ἡ ἀ. μου μετὰ ὑμῶν 1 Cor 16:24.

ג. God or Christ (πρὸς τὸν θεόν Orig., C. Cels. 3, 15, 12) ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ love toward God (but in many cases the gen. may be subjective) Lk 11:42; J 5:42; 2 Th 3:5; 1J 2:5, 15; 3:17; 4:12; 5:3; 2 Cor 7:1 P 46 (for φόβος); ἀ. εἰς θεὸν καὶ Χριστὸν καὶ εἰς τὸν πλησίον Pol 3:3; ἀ. εἰς τὸ ὄνομα θεοῦ Hb 6:10.

ⓑ of the love of God and Christ

α. to humans. Of God (cp. Wsd 3:9): 1J 4:10; ἐν ἡμῖν 1J 4:9, 16. εἰς ἡμᾶς Ro 5:8, cp. vs. 5. τετελείωται ἡ ἀ. μεθʼ ἡμῶν 1J 4:17 (s. HPreisker app. to HWindisch Comm. 167); ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ τῆς ἐν χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ Ro 8:39. ἀγάπην διδόναι bestow love 1J 3:1; ἐν ἀ. προορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν Eph 1:4f: the rhythm of the passage suggests the believers as agents for ἀ. in vs. 4 (cp. vs. 15), but 2:4 favors God; s. the comm.—2 Cor 13:13; Jd 2 and 21. God is the source of love 1J 4:7, the θεὸς τῆς ἀ. 2 Cor 13:11, and therefore God is love 1J 4:8, 16. Christians, embraced by God’s love, are τέκνα ἀγάπης B 9:7; 21:9.—Of Jesus’ love J 15:9, 10a, 13 (s. MDibelius, Joh 15:13: Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 168–86); 1J 3:16.—Ro 8:35; 2 Cor 5:14; cp. Eph 3:19. Perh. the ἀληθὴς ἀγάπη of Pol 1:1 is a designation of Jesus or his exemplary concern for others.

β. of the relation betw. God and Christ J 15:10b; 17:26 (on the constr. cp. Pel.-Leg. 12, 21 ὁ πλοῦτος ὅν με ἐπλούτισεν ὁ σατανᾶς). τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἀ. αὐτοῦ of the son of (God’s) love, i.e. of (God’s) beloved son Col 1:13 (s. PsSol 13:9 υἱὸς ἀγαπήσεως).—WLütgert, D. L. im NT 1905; BWarfield, PTR 16, 1918, 1–45; 153–203; JMoffatt, Love in the NT 1929; HPreisker, StKr 95, 1924, 272–94, D. urchr. Botschaft v. der L. Gottes 1930; RSchütz, D. Vorgeschichte der joh. Formel ὁ θεὸς ἀγ. ἐστίν diss. Kiel 1917; CBowen, Love in the Fourth Gosp.: JR 13, ’33, 39–49; GEichholz, Glaube u. L. im 1 J: EvTh ’37, 411–37. On ἔρως and ἀ. s. Harnack, SBBerlAk 1918, 81–94; ANygren, Eros u. Agape I 1930, II ’37 (Eng. tr. Agape and Eros, AHebert and PWatson ’32, ’39; on this JRobinson, Theology 48, ’45, 98–104); LGrünhut, Eros u. Ag. ’31. Cp. CTarelli, Ἀγάπη: JTS n.s. 1, ’50, 64–67; ELee, Love and Righteousness: ET 62, ’50/51, 28–31; AŠuštar, Verbum Domini 28, ’50, 110–19; 122–40; 193–213; 257–70; 321–40; TOhm, D. Liebe zu Gott in d. nichtchristl. Religionen, ’50; WHarrelson, The Idea of Agape: JR 31, ’51, 169–82; VWarnach, Agape: Die Liebe als Grundmotiv der ntl. Theol. 1951; JSteinmueller, Ἐρᾶν, Φιλεῖν, Ἀγαπᾶν in Extrabiblical and Bibl. Sources: Studia Anselmiana 27f, ’51, 404–23.—Full bibliog. in HRiesenfeld, Étude bibliographique sur la notion biblique d’ ἀγάπη, surtout dans 1 Cor 13: ConNeot 5, ’41, 1–32; s. also EDNT.

② a common meal eaten by early Christians in connection with their worship, for the purpose of fostering and expressing mutual affection and concern, fellowship meal, a love-feast (the details are not discussed in the NT, although Paul implicitly refers to it 1 Cor 11:17ff; cp. D 9–10; s. also Pliny Ep. 10, 96, 7; AcPlTh 25 [Aa I 252]; Clem. Al., Paed. 2, 1, 4, Strom. 3, 2, 10; Pass. Perp. et Felic. 17, 1; Tertull., Apolog. 39, De Jejun. 17; Minucius Felix 31) Jd 12 (v.l. ἀπάταις; in 2 Pt 2:13 ἀγάπαις is v.l. for ἀπάταις; the same v.l. Eccl 9:6, where ἀπάτη in ms. S is meaningless: s. RSchütz, ZNW 18, 1918, 224; s. ἀγαπάω 3 on J 13:1, 34). ἀγάπη ἄφθαρτος IRo 7:3. ἀγάπην ποιεῖν hold a love-feast ISm 8:2, in both pass. w. prob. ref. to the eucharist (s. ἀγαπάω 2 and 3).—Meals accompanied by religious rites and in a religious context were conducted by various social groups among the Greeks from early times (s. Bauer’s Introduction, pp. xxvii–viii, above). A scholion on Pla. 122b says of such meals among the Lacedaemonians that they were called φιλίτια, because they φιλίας συναγωγά ἐστιν. Is ἀγ. perhaps a translation of φιλία into Christian terminology?—JKeating, The Ag. and the Eucharist in the Early Church 1901; HLeclercq, Dict. d’Arch. I 1903, 775–848; FFunk, Kirchengesch. Abhdlgen. 3, 1907, 1–41; EBaumgartner, Eucharistie u. Ag. im Urchr. 1909; RCole, Love Feasts, a History of the Christian Ag. 1916; GWetter, Altchr. Liturgien II 1921; HLietzmann, Messe u. Herrenmahl 1926 (on this ALoisy, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 1928, 77–95); KVölker, Mysterium u. Ag. 1927; DTambolleo, Le Agapi ’31; BReicke, Diakonie, Festfreude u. Zelos in Verbindung mit der altchristlichen Agapenfeier, ’51.—TSöding, Das Wortfeld der Liebe im paganen und biblischen Griechisch: ETL 68, ’92, 284–330.—DELG s.v. ἀγαπάω. M-M. TW. Spicq. TRE s.v. Liebe.

ἑτοιμάζω fut. ἑτοιμάσω; 1 aor. ἡτοίμασα; pf. ἡτοίμακα. Pass.: fut. ἑτοιμασθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἡτοιμάσθην; pf. pass. ἡτοίμασμαι (s. ἑτοιμασία, ἕτοιμος; Hom.+) to cause to be ready, put/keep in readiness, prepare

ⓐ of things that are being put in readiness τὶ someth.: prepare a way Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4 (all three Is 40:3; cp. J 1:23 εὐθύνω [q.v.]; 1:76; Rv 16:12; a pyre MPol 13:2; a meal (Gen 43:16; EpArist 181; TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 14f [Stone p. 64]; JosAs 3:6) Mt 22:4; Lk 17:8; cp. 1 Cl 39:9; τὸ πάσχα (q.v.) Mt 26:19; Mk 14:16; Lk 22:13; cp. GEb 308, 31.—Mk 15:1 v.l.; Lk 23:56; 24:1. ἃ ἡτοίμασας what you have prepared 12:20. Of possessions Hs 1:1, 2, 4.—τινί τι someth. for someone Hs 1:6. θηρίων τῶν ἐμοὶ ἡτοιμασμένων the beast held in readiness for me IRo 5:2. Of the preparations for receiving and entertaining someone (PTebt 592 … σοῦ ταχὺ ἐρχομένου … ἡτοιμάκειν σοι πάντα; POxy 1299, 9; 1490, 7; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 19 and 28 [Stone p. 8]) ἑτοίμαζέ μοι ξενίαν Phlm 22. ἑ. τινὶ τόπον J 14:2, 3 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 53 §219 of those who go before, who ἀσφαλῆ τὰ ἐκεῖ προετοιμάσαι=prepare a safe place there [for those who follow]; 1 Ch 15:1). So also without an object acc. ἑ. τινί make preparations for someone Lk 9:52. In a different sense prepare (a meal) Mk 14:15. Abs. (1 Esdr 1:4; Jer 26:14; Job 28:27) Lk 12:47; 22:9, 12. ὁλοκαύτωμα δεκτὸν τῷ θεῷ ἡτοιμασμένον MPol 14:1. τινί w. inf. foll. Mt 26:17. W. ἵνα foll. Mk 14:12. τινί τι w. ἵνα foll. Lk 22:8.—ἡτοιμασμένος ready, prepared εἴς τι for someth. (3 Macc 6:31) of a vessel 2 Ti 2:21; of horses εἰς πόλεμον Rv 9:7 (cp. Pr 21:31 ἵππος ἑτοιμάζεται εἰς ἡμέραν πολέμου, also 1 Macc 13:22; 12:27; TestLevi 3:2 v.l.; fig. of building stones IEph 9:1.).—S. also pass. in b end, beg. w. Mk 10:40.

ⓑ Of pers. (En 99:3; TestJob 43:14; Jos., Vi. 203) ἑ. στρατιώτας Ac 23:23 (AMeuwese, De rer. gest. Divi Augusti vers. graeca 1920, 82). Of a bride Rv 21:2. ἑ. ἑαυτόν prepare oneself (Ezk 38:7; ParJer 6:6; 9:11; cp. POslo 88, 13 ἑτοιμάζεσθαι ἑαυτόν) 19:7; w. ἵνα foll. 8:6. Ἰωσὴφ ἡτοιμάσθη τοῦ ἐξελθεῖν Joseph prepared to leave GJs 21:1. W. εἰς foll. (Appian, Mithrid. 26 §103; PsSol 10:2 νῶτον εἰς μάστιγας). Of angels ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς τ. ὥραν held in readiness for that hour Rv 9:15. Of Jesus, ὸ̔ς εἰς τοῦτο ἡτοιμάσθη, ἵνα B 14:5. God comes ἐφʼ οὓς τ. πνεῦμα ἡτοίμασεν to those whom the Spirit has prepared D 4:10; B 19:7. Of a people that is made ready (2 Km 7:24) B 3:6; 5:7; 14:6; τῷ κυρίῳ (Sir 49:12) Lk 1:17. Here God is referred to several times as the one who brought the preparation about, and in the following pass. God appears explictly as subject: w. pers. or thing as obj. (Ex 23:20; En 25:7; PsSol 5:10; χορτάσματα … παντὶ ζῶντι; JosAs 8:11 κατάπαυσιν … τοῖς ἐκλεκτοῖς; ApcEsdr 6:17 and 21 ὁ στέφανός σοι ἡτοίμασται) Mt 20:23; βασιλείαν 25:34; D 10:5. πῦρ Mt 25:41.—Mk 10:40; Lk 2:31; 1 Cor 2:9=1 Cl 34:8 (quot. of unknown orig.); cp. 2 Cl 14:5; Hb 11:16 (πόλιν ἑ. as Hab 2:12); Rv 12:6; 1 Cl 35:3; Dg 8:11.—M-M. TW.

ἀπέχω 2 aor. ἀπέσχον; pf. 3 sg. ἀπέσχηκεν LXX; fut. mid. ἀφέξομαι; aor. ἀπεσχόμην LXX; inf. ἀποσχέσθαι; pf. 1 pl. ἀπεσχήμεθα 1 Km 21:6 al. (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestAbr A, Test12Patr; ParJer 7:37; Philo, Joseph., Just., Ath.).

① to receive in full what is due, to be paid in full, receive in full, act., commercial t.t. = ‘provide a receipt for a sum paid in full’, used both lit. and fig. (Callim., Epigr. 50, 4 [Pf.] of a nurse who receives thanks in the form of a memorial; SIG² 845, 7 [200 B.C.] τὰν τιμὰν ἀπέχει; M. Ant. 9, 42 ἀπέχει τὸ ἴδιον. Oft. pap and ostraca; s. Dssm., NB 56 [BS 229]; LO 88ff [LAE 110f]; Erman, APF 1, 1901, 77ff; Mayser 487; O. Wilck I 86; Nägeli 54f; Anz 318f; Gen 43:23; Num 32:19; Jos., Bell. 1, 596 ἀ. τῆς ἀσεβείας τὸ ἐπιτίμιον) τὸν μισθόν (Plut., Sol. 90 [22, 4], Mor. 334a) Mt 6:2, 5, 16; τὴν παράκλησιν Lk 6:24; πάντα Phil 4:18; τὸ τέλειον τῆς γνώσεως perfect knowledge B 13:7; ἀ. τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν to have received the revelation Hv 3, 13, 4.—Sim. Phlm 15 ἵνα αἰώνιον αὐτὸν ἀπέχῃς that you might have him back forever (opp. χωρίζεσθαι πρὸς ὥραν). Some would here put the difficult impers. ἀπέχει in the sense the account is closed Mk 14:41; s. JdeZwaan, Exp. 6th ser., 12, 1905, 459–72, who takes the informant of vs. 42 as the subj. he has received the money. S. 2 and 3.

② to meet the need of the moment, to suffice, be enough, Vulg. has for ἀπέχει Mk 14:41 ‘sufficit’ it is enough, which is supported by some comparatively late evidence (Anacreontea Carmina 16, 33 [Preis., West, Campbell]; PStras 4, 19 note [550 A.D.]; PLond 1343, 38 [709 A.D.] dub. l.) and is followed in numerous translations, incl. REV, NRSV (‘Enough!’); that the expression is not found in this sense in other lit. is not surprising, for it is a colloquialism that emerges, as in the case of the Anacreontea, in dramatic statement. In this instance, as w. ἀπελπίζω (Lk 6:35) q.v., context is a strong semantic determinant.

③ The rather freq. expr. οὐδὲν ἀπέχει=‘nothing hinders’ (Pla., Cra. 23 p. 407b; Plut., Mor. 433a; 680e) would suggest for ἀπέχει in Mk 14:41 that is a hindrance (referring to the extreme drowsiness of the disciples at the decisive moment). But s. 1 and 2.—Ms. D has ἀ. τὸ τέλος this is the end (B-D-F §129; JWackernagel, Syntax. I² [1926] 119. Cp. Kaibel 259, 4 [II A.D.] ἀπέσχε τέλος [=death]. MBlack, An Aramaic Approach, ’46, 16f, suggests an Aram. background).—GBoobyer, NTS 2, ’55, 44–48 ‘he (Judas) is taking possession of’ me.

④ to be at some distance from a position, be distant, intr. (Hdt. et al.; PStras 57, 6; PLille 1, 5; 2, 2; Jos., Ant. 5, 161; Just., A I, 34, 2; Ath. 32, 1) αὐτοῦ μακρὰν ἀπέχοντος when he was still far away Lk 15:20 (Diod S 12, 33, 4 μακρὰν ἀπ.; Gen 44:4; Jo 4:8; En 32:2). W. indication of the place from which (as 1 Macc 8:4; 2 Macc 11:5) οὐ μακρὰν ἀπέχων ἀπὸ τ. οἰκίας being not far fr. the house Lk 7:6; cp. MPol 5:1; of a ship at some distance from the land Mt 14:24 (as Michel 466, 9 ἀπέχον ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς). W. the exact distance given (so since Thu. 2, 5, 2) κώμη ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ἑξήκοντα ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλήμ sixty stades fr. Jerusalem Lk 24:13 (Demetr. of Kallatis [200 B.C.]: 85 Fgm. 2 Jac. ἀπεχούσης τῆς νήσου ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου σταδίους υ´. Cp. the comic poet Euphro [III B.C.] 11, 3 Kock; Appian, Ital. 5 §1; 2 Macc 12:29; Jos., Bell. 2, 516; Just., A I, 34, 2).—Fig. πόρρω ἀ. ἀπό τινος (=רָחַק מִן) be far from someone Mt 15:8; Mk 7:6 (both Is 29:13); so also PEg² 57f.

⑤ to avoid contact w. or use of someth., keep away, abstain, refrain from mid. w. gen. of thing (Hom. et al.; SIG 768, 16 [31 B.C.]; PHerm 52, 21; StudPal V, 52, 21; 1 Esdr 6:26; Wsd 2:16; σου PsSol 8:32; τούτου TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 8 [Stone p. 6]; Jos., Bell. 2, 581, Ant. 11, 101; Just., A II, 7, 7 al.; Ath.) εἰδωλοθύτων καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνικτῶν καὶ πορνείας abstain fr. things offered to idols, blood, things strangled, and irregular sexual union Ac 15:29 (s. Lev 18:6–30), cp. vs. 20 (s. αἷμα 1b). πάσης ἀδικίας (Hyperid., Fgm. 210 τ. ἀδικημάτων; SIG 1268 I, 18 [III B.C.] κακίας ἀπέχου; Ath. 1, 2 τοῦ ἀδικεῖν) Pol 2:2; cp. 6:1, 3; Hv 1, 2, 4; 2, 2, 3; 3, 8, 4; m 3:5; Dg 4:6. τῶν κακῶν βοτανῶν IPhld 3:1; cp. ITr 6:1. βρωμάτων 1 Ti 4:3. εὐχαριστίας κ. προσευχῆς keep away fr. the Lord’s Supper and prayer ISm 7:1; the response to those who absent themselves from the Lord’s meal is to discontinue social relations with them, vs. 2 (Schol. Pl. Euthyphr. 2 A ἀπέχεσθαι μυστηρίων=remain aloof from the Mysteries). τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν 1 Pt 2:11; D 1:4. τῆς γλώσσης= control the tongue Hv 2, 2, 3. λατρείας Dg 3:2.—W. ἀπό τινος (oft. LXX; En 104:6; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 4 [Stone p. 10]; EpArist 143; w. ἐκ ParJer 7:37 [7, 32 Harris]): ἀπὸ τῆς πορνείας 1 Th 4:3; cp. Ac 15:20 (v.l. ἀπό); ἀπὸ παντὸς εἴδους πονηροῦ fr. every kind of evil 1 Th 5:22. ἀπὸ παντὸς κακοῦ 1 Cl 17:3 (Job 1:1, 8; 2:3). ἀπέχεσθε ἀπὸ τ. ἀνθρώπων keep hands off the men Ac 5:39 D.—Pol 5:3; Hm 2:3; 4, 1, 3 and 9; 5, 1, 7; 5, 2, 8; 7:3; 9:12; 11:4, 8, 21; 12, 1, 3; 12, 2, 2; Hs 4:5.—DELG s.v. ἔχω. M-M. TW. Spicq.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `wisdom, skill, craft' (Il.).

Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πολύ-μητις `with many councils, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης `with crooked councils, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.); on the transfer to the ᾱ-stems Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 48 f. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 11 50 f.), Schwyzer 561 w. n. 5.

Derivatives: 1. μητιέτᾰ nom. a. (orig.) voc., adjunct of Zeus, `who possesses μῆτις', metr. conditioned form at verse-end for *μητῖτα, after νεφεληγερ-έτα ( Ζεύς) a.o.; with acc. μητιέτην (versinscr. Tegea), nom.- έτης (Corn.); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 186 n.1, Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 394; wrong Fraenkel Festschr. B. Snell (1956) 186 ff. -- 2. μητιόεις `filled with μ.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα a.o. (δ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.); on the formation beyond Schwyzer 527 Fraenkel l.c. -- Denomin. verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι `reflect, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.; pres. μητίομαι Pi. P. 2, 92); as pres. is used in the epic for metr. reasons (after the verbs in - ιάω) μητιάω, - άομαι ( μητιόων, μητιάασθαι etc.), also with ἐπι-, συν-, (Hom., A. R.); Schwyzer 727 u. 732. Verbal noun μητίματα pl. H. s.v. μήτεα (for μήδεα?).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [703] * meh₁- `measure'

Etymology: As orig. verbal noun *'measuring' (improb. `measurer' as nom. ag.; cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 26 a. 37 f., Borgström NTS 16, 145) μῆτις has exact correspondences in Skt. māti- `measure' (lex.) and in the Germ. word, which is isolated, OE mǣd f. `measure'; the same noun is also supposed by Lat. mētior `measure'. The basic primary verb is found only in Indoiran., e.g. Skt. mā́-ti, redupl. mí-mā-ti `measure' (with a.o. upa-mā- with úpamā-ti-'distribution, measuring out'). An other formation is μή-τρα `land-measure'; ablauting with this μέτρον (s.v.). Also in the other languages several isolated verbal nouns with diff. meanings are preserved, thus Germ., e.g. Goth. mēl `time', OHG māl `point of time, (time for) meal, Mahl'. -- The unassibilated - τι- (for - σι-) has been explained from the isolated position of the archaic μῆτις, cf. Schwyzer 505 and Chantraine Form. 277. On μῆτις in gen. Porzig Satzinhalte 329 a. 336, Benveniste Noms d'agent 77. -- Further forms WP. 2, 237f., Pok. 703f., W.-Hofmann s. mētior.

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